heartworm prevalence by zip code

We then tested the null hypothesis that \(\sum p_{i} = p\) using a likelihood ratio test, utilizing the Holm method to correct for multiple comparisons when identifying which land-uses differed in their probabilities. -, Linthicum KJ, Britch SC, Anyamba A. Harrison XA, Donaldson L, Correa-Cano ME, Evans J, Fisher DN, Goodwin CE, et al. Mosquito vectors of dog heartworm in the United States: vector status and factors influencing transmission efficiency. 5. Owner Name. McGill E, Berke O, Peregrine AS, Weese JS. 2014;100:45563. To help reduce the transmission of heartworm disease in animals, the AHS partnered with the Association of Shelter Veterinarians (ASV) in 2018 to develop recommendations for the safe transport of heartworm-positive pets (, Compliance is the leading factor associated with downward trends in heartworm incidence. The .gov means its official. Field sites had greater D. immitis prevalence than did suburban sites (Dunns test: Z=2.925, P=0.010), but prevalence at wooded sites did not differ from that at suburban sites (Dunns test: Z=0.630, P=1.0) (Fig. While acknowledging these important caveats, the AHS hypothesized a conservative estimate of heartworm prevalence via the following calculations: Figure 2. Large dog relinquishment to two municipal facilities in New York City and Washington, DC: identifying targets for intervention. Model selection revealed within-host prevalence was best predicted by a positive relationship with mosquito ShannonWiener diversity and a negative relationship with household income. Among veterinarians who saw cases drop over the past 3 years, the top 2 reasons they gave were (1), Veterinarians are seeking educational resources on heartworm disease. A tale of two city blocks: differences in immature and adult mosquito abundances between socioeconomically different urban blocks in Baltimore (Maryland, USA). In addition to suburban sites, we sampled in three natural habitat sites: Schenck Memorial Forest at North Carolina State University (NC State), NC States Equine Educational Unit and NC States Lake Wheeler Beef Unit. With regard to dog heartworm disease, this loss of mosquito diversity is associated with decreased heartworm prevalence within both the vector and the host. With so many known heartworm vectors spanning across multiple genera, the apparent lack of seasonality coupled with a positive correlation with parity could be due to vector mosquitoes having different phenologies, making heartworm transmission potential a nearly constant risk throughout the warmer months in North Carolina. All pools that were positive for D. immitis DNA were those of mosquito species known to be competent heartworm vectors [20], so we assume that any positive mosquito pool represents potential transmission. Comparison of within-mosquito heartworm prevalence by land-use type. Sci Rep. 2016;6:29002. Socio-ecological mechanisms supporting high densities of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Baltimore, MD. 4a). He has served on the AHS Executive Board since 2016. Europe PMC. Spence Beaulieu MR, Hopperstad K, Dunn RR, Reiskind MH. Epidemiology of canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection in domestic dogs in Ontario, Canada: geographic distribution, risk factors and effects of climate. Wild host densities are not assessed in this study, but could play an important role in the heartworm transmission dynamics for domestic dogs, particularly if wild hosts that typically serve as primary D. immitis reservoirs are excluded from highly urbanized areas. 2013;7:e2507. Trapping occurred over two years, but both years were analyzed together to obtain a single average point estimate for each calendar week. Given the lower probability of D. immitis-positive mosquitoes noted in suburban areas, our focus on sampling mosquitoes predominantly in suburbia could have resulted in lower overall within-mosquito prevalence rates than what has been reported in other studies sampling in more rural landscapes (e.g. Percent of mosquito pools positive for Dirofilaria immitis DNA for each week in the studys trapping season is depicted. Parasit Vectors. CAS JLF collected within-host heartworm data from incoming shelter dogs. Google Scholar. C'EST POUR AUJOURD'HUI ET POUR DEMAIN. For both suburban and urban areas generally, anthropogenic disturbance is also associated with increased abundance of vectors of human disease, including container-breeding Aedes that transmit dengue, Zika, or chikungunya viruses, and Culex mosquitoes, which transmit West Nile virus and human filarial pathogens [10, 11, 13, 14]. At each of the suburban and undeveloped sites, we sampled overnight with CDC light traps (JW Hock Co., Gainesville, FL, USA) baited with 1kg of dry ice (solid CO2). 2015;51:6649. While no host-level factors were explicitly investigated as drivers of dog heartworm prevalence in the present study, these factors are potentially important to dog heartworm disease dynamics and should be addressed in future studies. 2020 Feb 27;57(2):608-614. doi: 10.1093/jme/tjz190. In a separate facility, we extracted DNA from each pool using either the DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit (Qiagen, Venlo, Netherlands) or the ZR Genomic DNA-Tissue MiniPrep (Zymo Research, Irvine, CA, USA). Accessed 12 Jun 2019. We thank Paul Labadie, Tommy Pleasant, Hannah Jenkins, Cole Keenan and Dakota Palacio for their work on this project. doi: 10.7554/eLife.22053. [1,2,3,4]). crucians were implicated as two important local vectors. 2017;6:e22053. We acquired data from the Wake County Animal Center on all dogs entering the shelter either as an owner surrender or as a captured stray between January 2010 and October 2015. J Med Entomol. Mosquito diversity and dog heartworm prevalence in suburban areas Author: Meredith R. Spence Beaulieu, Jennifer L. Federico, Michael H. Reiskind Source: Parasites & vectors 2020 v.13 no.1 pp. 2014;11:325670. Med Vet Entomol. Darsie RF. volume13, Articlenumber:12 (2020) Of these, 832 tested positive for D. immitis, giving an average prevalence of 10.91% in domestic dogs in Wake County. canadensis and An. Urban and suburban areas throughout much of the USA are dominated by the peridomestic Aedes albopictus, which is a competent vector of D. immitis [20]. albopictus, Cx. Our results demonstrate that decreases in mosquito diversity due to urbanization alter vector-borne disease risk. PubMed PloS ONE. If you are not sure of the full 9-digit ZIP Code, use the 5-digit ZIP Code to avoid loss of letter or package. 2016;143:8749. Percent positive pools by species is presented, with bars color-coded to denote the land-use type where the positive pool originated. Urbanization is occurring rapidly on a global scale and is altering mosquito communities, creating assemblages that are characteristically less diverse. Explore 84604 zip code map, demographic, social and economic profile. A significant positive correlation was, MeSH Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. The American Heartworm Society (AHS) estimates that only 55% of dogs in the U.S. are currently on a heartworm preventive. 2017;42:1849. We approached this question by sampling mosquitoes across Wake County, North Carolina, USA, analyzing the mosquitoes for the presence of D. immitis DNA, and comparing heartworm prevalence rates within the mosquito to heartworm prevalence rates within domestic dogs. Cats have up to a 1 in 3 chance of naturally fighting off a heartworm infection if they are exposed to infectious heartworm larvae. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. 2009;54:46987. Park AW, Cleveland CA, Dallas TA, Corn JL. He is a member of the South Mississippi VMA, the Mississippi VMA, and the AVMA, and is a Hospital Director for the AAHA. Field sites had greater likelihood of a mosquito being positive for D. immitis than did suburban sites (LRT statistic =5.81, Holm adjusted P=0.048), but the probability at wooded sites did not differ from that at suburban sites (LRT statistic =0.013, Holm adjusted P=0.911) or field sites (LRT statistic =4.99, Holm adjusted P=0.051). Make an appointment. Within-host heartworm prevalence increases with mosquito diversity measures. All 50 states have had confirmed cases of heartworm since the disease's discovery back in 1856. Heartworm preventives are available only by prescription from veterinarians. Before Terando AJ, Costanza J, Belyea C, Dunn RR, McKerrow A, Collazo JA. As dog heartworm disease is vectored by an assemblage of mosquito species, changes in mosquito diversity will likely affect disease prevalence. Eight mosquito species had pools that tested positive for Dirofilaria immitis. A brief introduction to mixed effects modelling and multi-model inference in ecology. Urbanization is one context in which vector assemblage and diversity vary, potentially with implications for heartworm disease transmission. We maximized the likelihood function: where \(y_{i\,j}\) is the binary response of whether pool \(j\) in habitat \(i\) was positive for D. immitis, \(n_{i\,j}\) is the number of mosquitoes in pool \(j\) from habitat \(i\), and \(p_{i}\) is the probability that an individual mosquito in habitat \(i\) is positive for D. immitis. de Valdez MRW. No relationships were noted between within-mosquito and within-host heartworm prevalence. In addition to unmeasured host factors, this study is limited by the spatial scale of the within-dog heartworm prevalence data that we acquired. PubMed Central Briefly, we identified suburban neighborhoods of various ages throughout Wake County, NC, USA using Google Earth historical images [27], taking the year of first evidence of construction as the year the neighborhood was built. We investigated this question using the dog heartworm, a filarial parasite vectored by numerous mosquito species. Prevalence Maps: Is Heartworm In My Area? Suburban areas had lower within-mosquito heartworm prevalence and lower likelihood of heartworm-positive mosquitoes than did undeveloped field sites, although no differences were seen between suburban and undeveloped wooded sites. Data on file. Results: Fuller DO, Alimi T, Herrera S, Beier JC, Quiones ML. As all sample sequences were identical based on a reference alignment, one sample sequence was used in the MegaBLAST algorithm from the NCBI Nucleotides BLAST suite, returning a positive match to a portion of D. immitis COI with 100% homology (GenBank: AJ537512.1) [33]. All 50 states have had confirmed cases of heartworm since the diseases discovery back in 1856. Lapses in preventive medication compliance. 2018;6:e4794. 2021 Sep 9;14(1):464. doi: 10.1186/s13071-021-04958-1. He has held various roles with Boehringer Ingelheim since leaving private mixed-animal practice in 1993. Zip codes where clinics have obtained at least one positive feline heartworm antigen result. We performed a linear regression of within-mosquito heartworm prevalence versus within-host heartworm prevalence. Mosquitoes acquire microfilaria, the mosquito-infective parasite stage, upon ingestion of a blood meal from an infectious canine host. Within-mosquito heartworm prevalence throughout the trapping season. a, Within-host heartworm prevalence increases with, Within-host heartworm prevalence increases with mosquito diversity measures. No relationships were noted between within-mosquito and within-host heartworm prevalence. Part of Junglen S, Kurth A, Kuehl H, Quan P, Ellerbrok H, Pauli G, et al. Alabama: University of Alabama Press; 2013. Modified DNA extraction protocols used with both the DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit (Qiagen, Venlo, Netherlands) and the ZR Genomic DNA-Tissue MiniPrep (Zymo Research, Irvine, CA, USA). Menu. These factors and more were cited in a recent survey of U.S. veterinarians as factors contributing to the rise and fall of heartworm incidence in their practice areas. Convergent habitat segregation of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in southeastern Brazil and Florida. 2013;50:76472. On the other hand, it is clear that there is a straightforward answer to this: persuade more pet owners to use preventives and convince them to protect dogs and cats year-roundwith no lapses. It is not possible to definitively tell whether the dog acquired the heartworm infection within the zip code of its primary residence, nor is it possible to tell whether the positive heartworm test represents a new or chronic infection due to the long lifespan of the parasite within the host. Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae): an experimental and natural host of Dirofilaria immitis (Filarioidea: Onchocercidae) in Florida, USA. All zip codes in Wake County had some level of heartworm infection, but zip codes where mosquitoes were not sampled were omitted from visualization (denoted NA) for clarity. We calculated mosquito rarefied richness, Pielous evenness and ShannonWiener diversity as previously described [10] and found the average for a given zip code, then performed linear regressions comparing these diversity measures to within-host heartworm prevalence, testing the hypothesis that mosquito diversity impacts heartworm disease transmission. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Disease ecology; Diversity; Heartworm; Landscape; Mosquito; Urbanization; Vector. See code. Article J Am Mosq Control Assoc. Our previous work has shown that mosquito rarefied richness, evenness and ShannonWiener diversity is decreased in established suburban neighborhoods when compared with undeveloped natural areas [10]. Our results suggest that decreases in mosquito diversity due to urbanization lead to decreases in dog heartworm prevalence. Any dogs without heartworm test results or a designated zip code were removed from analysis. Ae. Heartworm infection was diagnosed nationwide. 2017;54:118392. Just under 6000 veterinary practices and shelters submitted data from more than 5.5 million pets. The focus of studies on primary vectors rather than communities of vectors has led to a general gap in knowledge as to how vector diversity contributes to disease transmission in multi-vectored pathosystems, even though the limited empirical and modeling investigations that have occurred suggest vector diversity can increase transmission [5, 6]. 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