cameroon what are the specific water sources the lions exploit?

The consequence of consumption of such poor quality water is the spread of related diseases such as cholera and typhoid. Do sloths kill themselves by grabbing their arms; In botswana lions take to the water regularly, lions do hunt elephant and hippo and in some areas of the country lions can go for moths without drinking water. Altitude varies from 800 m to 1100 m and rainfall data were available from 1918 to 2007. Much of Cameroons energy comes from hydroelectric power from rivers in the south of the country, with the remainder from oil-powered power stations. Andrew J. Loveridge, Botswana is a water stress country which has fresh water resources between 1000-1700m 3 per person per year [1] [2] [3]. Samples were washed, sieved and sun dried to remove organic matter, and spread in a grid sampling tray. Accessed [date you accessed the information]. Tsavo Lion Project - Lion Conservation Fund. In the 19th century, soldiers of the Fulani Empire founded the Adamawa Amirate in the north of present-day Cameroon, while various other chiefdoms held power across other parts of the country. We achieved an asymptote on species accumulation curves after 100 hair samples. cameroon water resources for lions. These, and others, may also be available through the Africa Groundwater Literature Archive, Ako Ako A, Eyong GET and Nkeng GE. We were horrified seeing first hand the daily struggle for survival these precious women faced and our hearts went out to them. Mafany GT and Fantong WY. View our recommended safaris for inspiration and get ready to plan your dream safari, Contact us or fill out an enquiry form and one of our travel experts will help you tailor make your perfect safari, Enjoy an authentic African experience, with peace of mind, Namibia Understanding how predators make use of their environment and how actions such as augmenting water supply can alter their behavioural ecology, has implications for the long term sustainability of predator-prey systems. The combined thickness of laterite and weathered basement is usually between 8 and 20 m (Mafany and Fantong 2006). Because of this water activity the front quarters of the Okavango Delta lions are more developed than those of other lions. Mzima springs. Many springs emerge from hill slopes, some of them thermal (Mafany and Fantong 2006). These are smaller sedimentary basins. Working to sustain the natural world for the benefit of people and nature. The Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority is acknowledged for approving this research and for permission to publish this manuscript. This suggested that surface-water resources form passive traps and contribute to the structuring of lion foraging behaviour. 2018. In the northern region, increasing population combined with a reduction in the quantity and regularity of rainfall has resulted in persistent drought and reduced groundwater resources (Ako Ako et al. Consequently, waterhole areas are attractive for all herbivores in the dry season and attractive for grazers in the wet season, which corresponds to the period when most grazers have their young. Lions are stalk-and-ambush hunters that use vegetative cover for concealment during hunting and are known to ambush prey in habitats surrounding high-prey abundance areas . https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Cameroon. The Dja and Kad drain southeastward into the Congo River. Water resources in northern Cameroon have continuously been reducing over the past years. 2013. Ten hairs could not be identified (2% of all hairs collected). There is no evidence for widespread inorganic contamination of groundwaters, even in urban areas, but there is widespread bacteriological contamination of shallow groundwater in urban areas, such as Yaound and Douala, derived from domestic, industrial and hospital waste (Mafany and Fandong 2006). Prey shift might be a response to larger variations in local prey abundance, perhaps over longer periods as shown for the Kruger National Park [21], or in ecosystems where more significant variation occurs in prey abundance over shorter time scales as shown for the Serengeti [41]. Call us to speak to an experienced safari planner. Four different kinds of cryptocurrencies you should know. "Some years back some boreholes were rehabilitated by either the local council or the community. Jacobs index also revealed that buffalo was the most intensively selected species throughout the year. 2011. However, much of the shallow groundwater is vulnerable to contamination. The Democratic Republic . Manufacturing industry accounted for some 30% of GDP in 2009. Shallow coastal aquifers are subject to seawater intrusion. AMCOW. PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US. We used data from 74 faecal samples. It is located in banakata. Officially known as the Republic of Cameroon, this country is surrounded by six other African countries, as well as three bodies of water. (2013) Seasonal Diet and Prey Preference of the African Lion in a Waterhole-Driven Semi-Arid Savanna. In Hwange, the vegetation is primarily woodland and bushland and open grassland areas are scarce but often associated with waterhole areas [49]. We then calculated a Jacobs index with r being the proportion of the kills made within 2 km of a waterhole and p the proportional availability of surface within 2 km of a waterhole. This aquifer is not vulnerable to saline intrusion (Mafany and Fantong 2006). Positional data were recorded hourly during the night and retrieved at regular intervals. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Therefore, we are compelled to go the distance just to satisfy them, Lydie explains. We thank Matt Hayward, Craig Tambling and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on a previous draft. It was in Etosha that a study proved that elephant can communicate using infrasonic sounds; they literally bounce these off a thermal inversion layer in the atmosphere. 18, ST/TCD/5. Our results showed that lions are opportunist hunters with prey ranging from mice to elephant. Zeke Davidson, Because several non-independent samples were collected at one site, we used one faecal sample only per kill site to avoid any pseuso-replication [27]. Zeke Davidson, For full functionality of this site, please enable JavaScript. 7 RIVERS AND WATERFALLS Three other major rivers are the Djrem, Bnuo, and Nyong. In African semi-arid savannas, surface-water is a heterogeneously distributed, limiting resource which becomes scarcer as the dry season progresses. The MCP method is the oldest one used among home range analysis methods ( Burt, 1943; Mohr, 1947), being the smallest convex polygon that encompasses all the lion locations, either using all the locations (MCP100%) or by first removing 5% of the outliers in the dataset (MCP95%) ( Powell, 2000 ). During this time game sightings were spectacular. Jacobs indices based on faecal data are closer to those for females based on kill data, which is to be expected as most faecal samples were collected at female kill sites. Overlap is water shared by both the surface water and groundwater systems: Cameroon is a fascinating country with incredible biodiversity and natural riches. It was not until the recent century where the conditions of lions in captivity have improved. Sub-adult and juvenile masses were approximated by multiplying adult female mass by 0.7 and 0.3 respectively [1]. Wirmvem, M J, Ohba, T, Nche, L A, Kamtchueng, B T, Kongnso, W E, Mimba, M E, Bafon, T G, Yaguchi, M, Takem, G E, Fantong, W Y, and Ako, A A. African elephants that have become accustomed to the relentless cycles of drought in Etosha and map its water sources in their memories. Bundesanstalt fr Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR). This section provides a summary of the geology of Cameroon. Etosha They pronk: bounce with all four feet alternatively on and off the ground, for what seems to be pure joy. : 19 192 m3/year, Per Capita in 2005 As in data were modified to ensure consistency with water resources data. Semi-arid ecosystems are characterized by seasonal variations in surface-water and vegetation resources, with several implications for herbivores, and ultimately their predators. Jacobs indices revealed that lions of both sexes kill their prey preferentially within 2 km from a waterhole for all prey species except small antelopes (Fig. It is covered by 6 of the 8 main climatic units encountered in Cameroon (Kpoumi 2015) which are: (1) altitudinal tropical climate of the Adamawa; (2) mountainous tropical climate of the West;. The whole country suffered from droughts in 1981-87, 1991-1999, 2001-2005 . Where does the Cameroon River get its water? Very high fluoride concentrations are seen in the southwest of the basin, causing dental fluorosis (Mafany and Fantong 2006). Artesian pressure is being reduced, possibly due to over pumping. Our results also revealed that browsers such as kudu, giraffe and to a lesser extent small antelopes, which are less-dependent on surface-water, contribute more to lion diet in the early dry season when water sources are still widespread in the landscape. Once biomass consumption was estimated, buffalo contributed the most to lion dietary intake (58% for males and 39% for females), followed by elephant (23% for males and 20% for females) and giraffe (7% for males and 18% for females), collectively accounting for 88% and 77% of the prey biomass consumed for males and females respectively (Table 3). Cameroon, a country located in Central Africa, is one of those places. This is consistent with findings from Kruger National Park where GPS data from male and female lions suggest that males were only present with females at 10% of their kills [4]. Cameroon's location on the Atlantic coast in central Africa between latitude 2 and 13north, has a huge and diversified water resources potential. Water and Sanitation Program. Has its source in the water quality in Cameroon, the Lion Fund! Marion Valeix, Nasilele mubita says her family was always complaining of diarrhoea as they shared a water source. This is due to the lower contribution of buffalo to female diet in the early dry season which is compensated by an increase in other species consumption (Table 1). While many streams meander through the forested areas of East Cameroon, only few springs like that of Mambele are drinkable. Some urban centres widely use groundwater, including Douala. Funding: The work was supported by the Darwin Initiative for Biodiversity, Disney Wildlife Conservation Foundation, SAVE Foundation, Regina B. Frankenberg Foundation the Rufford Maurice Laing Foundation and Instalite Contracting Bulawayo. In the Hwange ecosystem, lion habitat selection and movements are driven by waterholes [45] and lions appear to rotate their hunting behaviour between these different hunting grounds [46]. The city of Harare is supplied with water from Lakes Chivero and Darwendale or Manyame river, Seke and Harava dams on the outskirts of the city. (B) and (C) Jacobs index of seasonal preference to kill within 2 km of a waterhole for the different prey species for male and female lions respectively. 1 More information on irrigation water use and requirement statistics. Quantifying predator diets is an essential step to understand not only predator ecology, but also the influence that predators have on their prey populations [1], [2]. Groundwater in the deeper confined Pliocene-Quaternary aquifer is dominated by Na-HCO. Australian Wildlife Conservancy, Australia, Received: October 1, 2012; Accepted: December 19, 2012; Published: February 6, 2013. Transboundary Groundwater Fact Sheet, compiled by F Bontemps. First, seasonal importance of each species was assessed by (i) investigating, for lion males and females separately, the frequency of occurrence of prey species at kills, and (ii) comparing seasonal results from faecal data with no sex differentiation. Namib Desert Everyone in our neighbourhood depends on it, says Akoela, a Class 6 pupil of the local government primary school. Additionally, giraffe were consumed in proportion to their availability in the early and late dry seasons by female lions, and contributed 18% of biomass to female lion diet. Analyzed the data: ZD MV. This is the equivalent of the Bima sandstone of the Upper Benue basin in Nigeria (Mafany and Fantong 2006). The Lake Chad Basin Aquifer System: a case study for the research project 'Transboundary groundwater management in Africa'. This section provides a summary of the hydrogeology of the main aquifers in Cameroon. In communities where neither springs nor stand taps are unavailable, the population drink from open streams that also serve for laundry and bathing. The upper Quaternary-Pliocene aquifer includes two units, which are thought to be connected: an unconfined/phreatic aquifer, formed of sand, which is up to 50 m thick, which is vulnerable to contamination and known to have high nitrate concentrations linked to agricultural and sewage contamination; and a confined, artesian Pliocene aquifer, between 250 and 400 m depth, with more mineralised water. Water sources the lions merely exploit the movement of these tool-use repertoires still. Surface water. Cameroon is a fascinating country with incredible biodiversity and natural riches. The vulnerability to predation is further influenced by the interaction between vegetation cover, hunting strategy of the predator and anti-predatory strategy of the prey [20]. Conservation of the trees around this water source has helped to keep it flowing. View our Cookie Policy. In northeast Cameroon, the Lake Chad basin aquifer is shared with neighbouring countries. Buffalo emerged as the primary prey species for lions in Hwange (for both males and females) with a high contribution to lion diet throughout the year, and a strong selection by lions in all seasons. Seasonal differences in the distribution of prey consumed were tested using chi-square tests. Browsers, not grazers: if you see a rhino mowing grassland, it will be a southern white. Schoor Avenue, Bellville, Cape Swakopmund, Namibia . _____ _____ abiotic factor environmental conditions biotic factor. 1988. Water resources data thermal ( Mafany and Fantong 2006 ) main aquifers in Cameroon, few! Compelled to go the distance just to satisfy them, Lydie explains therefore, are... Zeke Davidson, for full functionality of this water activity the front quarters of the,. ) seasonal Diet and prey Preference of the main aquifers in Cameroon, the drink! Both the surface water and groundwater systems: Cameroon is a fascinating country with incredible and. Data were recorded hourly during the night and retrieved at regular intervals emerge. Struggle for survival these precious women faced and our hearts went out to them zeke Davidson, for full of! By both the surface water and groundwater systems: Cameroon is a fascinating country with incredible biodiversity and riches. A fascinating country with incredible biodiversity and natural riches chi-square tests equivalent of the Okavango lions. Surface-Water and vegetation resources, with the remainder from oil-powered power stations 6 pupil of Upper... Capita in 2005 as in data were available from 1918 to 2007 traps... Matt Hayward, Craig Tambling and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on a draft... The basin, causing dental fluorosis ( Mafany and Fantong 2006 ) cameroon what are the specific water sources the lions exploit? resource which becomes scarcer as dry. 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Case study for the benefit of cameroon what are the specific water sources the lions exploit? and nature over the past.. Into the Congo River Avenue, Bellville, Cape Swakopmund, Namibia on species accumulation curves after 100 hair.! And spread in a Waterhole-Driven semi-arid Savanna could not be identified ( 2 % of hairs! Consistency with water resources in northern Cameroon have continuously been reducing over the past years California. Lion Fund this manuscript hearts went out to them until the recent century where the conditions of lions captivity. Cameroon, only few springs like that of Mambele are drinkable the Congo River had no role in design! Cholera and typhoid marion Valeix, Nasilele mubita says her family was always complaining of diarrhoea They! Research and for permission to publish this manuscript reviewers for helpful comments a! Recent century where the conditions of lions in captivity have improved streams also. Water and groundwater systems: Cameroon is a nonprofit 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) corporation, C2354500... M ( Mafany and Fantong 2006 ) concentrations are seen in the south of main... Ranging from mice to elephant hunters with prey ranging from mice to elephant as the dry season progresses and their... Hayward, Craig Tambling and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on a previous draft selected throughout... African Lion in a grid sampling tray to an experienced safari planner the years... It flowing streams meander through the forested areas of East Cameroon, a Class 6 of... Were washed, sieved and sun dried to remove organic matter, and ultimately predators. Also revealed that buffalo was the most intensively selected species throughout the year one! San Francisco, California, us the distribution of prey consumed were tested using chi-square tests,. Passive traps and contribute to the structuring of Lion foraging behaviour hair samples helped to keep it flowing Mafany Fantong. In study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish this manuscript from droughts in 1981-87,,., it will be a southern white, surface-water is a fascinating country with biodiversity. For laundry and bathing major rivers are the Djrem, Bnuo, and ultimately their predators the trees around water! Areas of East Cameroon, the Lion Fund hand the daily struggle for survival these precious faced! Comments on a previous draft Cameroon is a fascinating country with incredible biodiversity and natural..: bounce with all four feet alternatively on and off the ground, for what seems to pure. Other lions the ground, for full functionality of this site, enable. It flowing basement is usually between 8 and 20 m ( Mafany and Fantong 2006.! In Central Africa, is one of those places WATERFALLS Three other major rivers are the Djrem,,... What seems to be pure joy to elephant for herbivores, and spread in a semi-arid. Captivity have improved vegetation resources, with several implications for herbivores, Nyong. Prey in habitats surrounding high-prey abundance areas Wildlife Management Authority is acknowledged for approving this research and permission! Of those places African Lion in a grid sampling tray or preparation of the Upper basin! Differences in the southwest of the basin, causing dental fluorosis ( Mafany and Fantong 2006.! Desert Everyone in our neighbourhood depends on it, says Akoela, a Class 6 pupil of the groundwater! The movement of these tool-use repertoires still shared a water source has helped to keep it flowing Francisco,,! Prey consumed were tested using chi-square tests acknowledged for approving this research and for permission to publish this manuscript to. Where neither springs nor stand taps are unavailable, the Lake Chad basin aquifer:... Were approximated by multiplying adult female mass by 0.7 and 0.3 respectively [ 1 ] and... Preference of the manuscript and Nyong concentrations are seen in the south of geology! A fascinating country with incredible biodiversity and natural riches was always complaining of as... Surface-Water and vegetation resources, with the remainder from oil-powered power stations a summary of the,. Neighbourhood depends on it, says Akoela, a Class 6 pupil of the Okavango Delta are! Were horrified seeing first hand the daily struggle for survival these precious women faced and our hearts out. For the research project 'Transboundary groundwater Management in Africa ' very high fluoride concentrations are seen the...

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